Diseases

Hernia is a condition where an internal organ protrudes outward through a weakened point in the abdominal wall, often involving the peritoneum. Since these weak points are typically found in areas such as the groin, navel, and surgical incisions, hernias most commonly occur in these regions.
The only treatment option for abdominal wall hernias is surgery. If abdominal wall hernias are left untreated, they can lead to serious problems. After hernia repairs performed using laparoscopic or robotic methods, one can quickly return to normal life.

Gallstones are quite common in the community and are responsible for a significant portion of digestive problems, such as stomach discomfort and upper abdominal pain.
Gallstones can also manifest themselves with sudden emergencies from time to time. These emergencies typically follow a mild to moderately severe course, but occasionally, they can create serious, life-threatening situations.
In the treatment of gallbladder disorders, the removal of the gallbladder through laparoscopic methods is generally the first and most effective option.
Gallstones should be removed rather than attempting to crush them; trying to crush them is an incorrect and dangerous treatment approach.
The best approach for gallstones that show no symptoms and are incidentally detected is to discuss treatment options with your doctor.
The outcomes of laparoscopic gallbladder surgery are highly successful.

Pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of pancreatic tissue. If this inflammation starts abruptly, it is referred to as "acute pancreatitis." The inflammation that occurs in acute pancreatitis is actually a response of the body to the pancreatic tissue. In other words, this condition is not triggered by external factors such as microbes or rheumatic diseases. Although the exact mechanism by which damage occurs in pancreatic tissue is not fully understood, in many cases, a factor initiating the damage has been identified.
Unfortunately, acute pancreatitis is not limited to pancreatic tissue alone. Some substances released from the inflamed pancreatic tissue and entering the bloodstream can cause damage to various extents throughout the entire body and organs. In other words, acute pancreatitis is a "systemic" disease.
One of the most common causes of acute pancreatitis is gallstones, and this condition is the most serious among the problems related to gallstones.
Acute pancreatitis may have a tendency to recur unless the underlying causes are addressed.
Necrotizing pancreatitis is the most severe form of acute pancreatitis and requires long-term monitoring and treatment.

Being overweight is a significant health concern. This condition can increase the risk of various serious illnesses and negatively impact the course of certain existing diseases.
Timely treatment of being overweight can contribute significantly to individuals' quality of life and life expectancy.

The event known as the reflux is the backflow of the stomach contents into the esophagus. Particularly shortly after eating, some degree of reflux is normal. This condition usually does not show symptoms and does not harm the inner lining of the esophagus. However, if damage occurs to the esophagus due to the leakage of stomach acid and contents into the esophagus or if inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) occurs, or other symptoms arise, this condition is referred to as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).
If reflux disease persists for a long time, it can cause permanent damage to the esophagus. This damage can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
In selected patients with GERD, surgical intervention can significantly improve the quality of life.
Reflux disease surgeries, when performed using laparoscopic or robotic methods, result in a quicker recovery process, allowing patients to return to their normal lives more promptly.

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus, causing thickening of the intestinal wall and ulcers. The end of the small intestine and the large intestine are commonly affected. This disease tends to develop thickening in the affected area, leading to narrowing of the intestinal channel and, consequently, intestinal obstruction. Additionally, fissures (cracks) and inflammatory drainage holes (fistulas) are frequently observed in the anal region. Crohn's disease is considered a systemic disease that can also have adverse effects on areas outside the digestive system, such as the joints, eyes, and skin.
The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood. Genetic factors, environmental factors (such as diet, bacterial toxins, viruses), may play a role in the development of the disease. Additionally, the presence of the disease in first-degree relatives may increase the risk. Smoking can also be influential in the formation of the disease. Fortunately, regardless of the triggering factor, an immune response is developed in the intestines with increased inflammatory cells, leading to inflammation and ulcer formation in response to harmful effects.
Crohn's disease can occur at any age but typically begins between the ages of 15 and 30. The disease often follows a chronic course with periods of remission and flare-ups. It can persist for years and may occasionally show recurrences despite treatment.

Ulcerative colitis is a disease characterized by ulcers and inflammation in the mucosal layer, which is the inner surface of the colon. This condition often alternates between periods of remission and active phases. Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis is an intestinal disorder that affects only the colon. It can involve only the last part of the colon (rectum), the left side only, or the entire colon. Additionally, the disease may start in the rectum and spread towards the beginning of the colon over time.
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is still not fully understood. However, it is believed to result from a combination of factors such as genetic predisposition, immune system issues, and environmental factors (risk of infection, hygiene level, dietary habits).
Ulcerative colitis can affect individuals at any age, but it is typically diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 25.

Small pouches formed from weak areas in the wall of the large intestine are called diverticula. While this condition is more commonly seen as people age, diverticula in the colon do not cause significant issues for most individuals.
However, in some individuals, diverticula can become inflamed, leading to a condition known as diverticulitis. The severity of diverticulitis can vary from patient to patient. Some patients experience mild attacks that can be controlled with antibiotics and diet. On the other hand, in some individuals, a diverticulitis attack can be severe and pose a serious and life-threatening risk, potentially leading to bowel perforation.
While diverticulitis is often mild, it can sometimes manifest in a severe form that may lead to fatal outcomes.
For patients who have experienced diverticulitis attacks and encountered recurring issues, it is advisable to consider surgical treatment options after evaluation.

The appendix is a thin, tube-like organ located at the beginning of the large intestine, measuring approximately 9 cm in length. The exact function of the appendix in the body is not fully understood, but it is believed to play a role in the immune system, especially during childhood.
Acute appendicitis typically occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often due to factors like feces or food particles, leading to swelling and inflammation. While acute appendicitis can occur at any age, it is more common in the 10-30 age range. If left untreated, acute appendicitis can lead to serious complications, including death, making it an urgent condition that requires prompt intervention.
Acute appendicitis can be confused with other emergency health issues. Among the most commonly encountered conditions are intestinal inflammations, issues related to the female reproductive organs, and urinary tract infections.
What makes acute appendicitis dangerous is the potential spread of inflammation to areas outside the appendix, the formation of abscesses, or the risk of a generalized intra-abdominal infection.

Hemorrhoidal disease, commonly known as "hemorrhoids" in everyday language, is a health issue where the veins in the rectal area enlarge, forming pouches. These veins, along with the surrounding tissues, play roles such as facilitating the passage of stool and retaining gas and liquid in that area.
These enlarged veins can originate from inside or outside the anus. The blood in these vein pouches can clot and harden, increasing symptoms and potentially leading to bleeding and infections.
Hemorrhoidal disease (Hemorrhoids) is a common cause of rectal bleeding, but it is not the only cause. Even if a diagnosis of hemorrhoids is made, individuals experiencing rectal bleeding may need further examination to rule out other serious underlying health issues as the cause of the bleeding.
Not everyone with hemorrhoidal disease may require treatment. The need for treatment should be considered based on whether the disease affects the individual's quality of life or has a negative impact on their health.

An anal fissure is a millimeter-sized crack that forms within the anal canal and extends to the sensitive outer layer of skin. The majority of these cracks are typically found along the posterior midline, but they can also, albeit less commonly, occur along the anterior midline. Anal fissures can occur at any age but are generally more common in young and middle-aged adults. Additionally, they are more frequently observed in women compared to men.
Anal fissures are classified into two categories: acute (sudden onset) and chronic (long-term). If a fissure does not heal within approximately 15-20 days, it is considered chronic. In chronic fissures, a protrusion formed outside the skin in the region where the fissure ends and a piece of tissue inside the anus called a polyp can develop.
While anal fissure is a common cause of rectal bleeding, it is not the only cause. Even if an anal fissure is identified, individuals experiencing rectal bleeding may need further examination to rule out other serious underlying health issues as the cause of the bleeding.

In our bodies, there are glands in the anal region that produce secretions to provide lubrication for the passage of stool and moisture for the surrounding skin. Sometimes, natural bacteria in this area can cause inflammation of these secretory glands. The resulting pus from inflammation can develop into channels that spread to the surrounding tissues, forming tunnels that extend to the skin around the anus. In this condition, inflammation or particles of stool may intermittently or continuously emerge from the skin. This health issue is referred to as an anal fistula. Additionally, the blockage of the fistula channel can lead to the development of an abscess.
Anal fistulas are classified as simple and complex fistulas based on their relationships with the muscles responsible for holding stool around the anus. Fistulas are typically of the simple type.
If not appropriately treated by experienced specialists, an anal fistula can lead to persistent problems that significantly affect the quality of life. Among these problems, the most significant is the leakage of gas or stool.

Goiter refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland for various reasons. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck area, also known as the Adam's apple, and it produces essential hormones for the body. The enlargement of the thyroid gland beyond its normal size is called goiter. This enlargement can be nodular (nodular) or non-nodular (diffuse).
Goiter can lead to problems in regulating thyroid hormones. Conditions where the thyroid gland is overactive are referred to as hyperthyroidism, while conditions where it is underactive are referred to as hypothyroidism. Depending on the underlying causes of goiter, there can be excessive or inadequate hormone production by the thyroid gland. Therefore, goiter can result in disruptions to thyroid functions.

Pilonidal sinus disease refers to a condition where hair cysts form under the skin.
This condition is not congenital; it develops later on. Hairs shedding from another part of the body can enter under the skin in the sacrococcygeal region due to friction and pressure. Accumulating in the subcutaneous fat tissue, they can form a mass of hair. The body perceives this hair mass as a foreign object and creates a capsule around it, leading to the formation of a hair cyst.
The treatment of pilonidal sinus disease is appropriately selected depending on the prevalence and severity of the condition.

Constipation refers to a condition where bowel movements are difficult or less frequent and challenging than normal. It is often characterized by firm stools, inability to have regular, satisfying bowel movements, straining during bowel movements, and incomplete evacuation. It can manifest both as an independent condition and as a symptom of other health issues.

Achalasia is a disease that develops due to nerve transmission disorders in the esophagus, based on the dysfunction of the muscles inside the esophagus. This condition arises from the failure of the muscle structure located at the connection of the esophagus with the stomach to perform its function of preventing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. These muscles should normally relax and open, but in achalasia, they cannot relax, leading to the accumulation of food in the esophagus and the dilation of the esophagus. Over time, the esophagus may lose nerve transmission functions and contraction strength.
Achalasia disease can also increase the risk of esophageal cancer, so it is important for patients to be regularly monitored.

Pelvic floor disorders are health issues that can significantly impact the quality of life. When treated by an appropriate team, most patients can return to their normal lives.

The term "polyp" is a common term used to describe abnormal tissue projections that grow from the inner surface of hollow organs towards the organ cavity. Polyps can occur in various internal organs such as the nasal passages, trachea, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and bile ducts. Therefore, the term "polyp" does not indicate whether the growing abnormal tissue projection is benign or malignant; it is merely a descriptive term. Polyps can take on different shapes and structures, appearing as protruding, flat, peaked, or mushroom-like formations on the surface.
Gallbladder polyps refer to abnormal tissue fragments that originate from the inner surface of the gallbladder and extend towards its cavity. Typically, these polyps do not cause any symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during medical imaging conducted for other reasons.
The majority of gallbladder polyps are commonly referred to as cholesterol polyps. Although this type of polyps does not pose a risk of transforming into cancer, they have a tendency to form gallstones.
Gallbladder polyps that are 10 mm or larger during diagnosis or those that grow during follow-up typically require surgical treatment.

Bile is a bodily fluid produced in the liver and plays a crucial role in the digestive process. It also provides a pathway for the elimination of metabolized substances in the liver. Bile ducts begin with small and medium-sized branches inside the liver, continuing with larger branches and a main duct. The gallbladder, situated outside the bile ducts, is another organ associated with bile.
Common bile duct stones are a more serious condition compared to gallstones. Whether or not symptoms are present, once diagnosed, all common bile duct stones should be treated.
Today, common bile duct stones are treated using an endoscopic method known as ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography).

A cyst is a term that describes abnormal formations filled with fluid. In other words, the term cyst is used to draw attention to the substance contained within an abnormal formation, and this substance is typically fluid. Pancreatic cysts are often abnormalities discovered incidentally in modern times. These cysts can emerge during screenings, evaluations due to vague symptoms, or examinations for other diseases. The most common complaint associated with pancreatic cysts is abdominal pain.
The diagnosis of pancreatic cysts is typically made using imaging methods. Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) assist in the detailed assessment of cystic tumors.
To determine the management of pancreatic cysts, the type of cyst and the patient's characteristics are taken into consideration. Some pancreatic cysts are merely observed, while others may require surgical, endoscopic, or radiological treatment.
The primary concern regarding pancreatic cysts is the possibility of the cyst having tumor characteristics. Some pancreatic cysts with tumor characteristics carry a risk of transforming into cancer. Therefore, pancreatic cysts should be closely monitored, and when necessary, appropriate treatment options should be evaluated.

The term "cyst" is used to describe abnormal formations filled with fluid. Cysts refer to abnormal formations that contain fluid rather than tissue. Liver cysts are generally categorized into two main groups: cysts caused by parasites and non-parasitic cysts.
Parasite-induced liver cysts are cysts caused by parasites called echinococci, and these types of cysts are referred to as "hydatid cysts." For more information about hydatid cysts, you can visit the "Liver Hydatid Cyst" page.
The management and treatment of liver cysts are determined based on the type of cyst and the patient's characteristics. Simple cysts typically do not require any treatment and rarely cause issues. However, cystic tumors often require surgical intervention.
Liver cysts are usually detected incidentally and often do not cause specific symptoms. To determine whether treatment is necessary and what type of treatment is required, the type of cyst and the patient's condition should be taken into consideration.

Liver Hydatid Cyst is an abnormal formation filled with fluid. The term "cysts" is used to describe abnormal formations containing fluid, and these formations typically contain fluid rather than tissue.
Liver hydatid cyst is a type of cyst caused by parasites known as echinococci. These parasites lead to the formation of cysts in the liver and other organs in humans and animals. Liver hydatid cysts are particularly common in certain geographical regions, such as the Middle East and Central Asia.
Although these types of cysts rarely cause serious problems, as the cyst grows, it can impair liver functions and exert pressure on surrounding tissues. Additionally, serious complications can arise if the cyst ruptures or its contents leak.
The treatment of liver hydatid cysts varies depending on factors such as the size and location of the cyst and the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include medication and surgical intervention. The treatment plan for the patient should be determined by a specialized healthcare professional.

Chronic pancreatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation and irreversible damage to the pancreas. This condition arises from prolonged and repetitive inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis causes damage to the pancreas and can impair its ability to produce digestive enzymes and hormones.
Among the causes of chronic pancreatitis are alcohol abuse, smoking, genetic factors, gallstones, and certain autoimmune diseases. Chronic pancreatitis typically manifests with symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, fatty stools, and digestive problems.
The treatment of this disease is challenging and may require patients to make lifestyle changes, abstain from alcohol consumption, and adopt a low-fat diet. Additionally, pancreatic enzymes and other medications may be used to manage symptoms. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to alleviate severe pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Chronic pancreatitis can also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it is important for patients to be regularly monitored, and they should consult with their doctors to establish an appropriate treatment plan.

• Cushing Syndrome is a condition where the adrenal glands produce an excessive amount of cortisol hormone. This can lead to symptoms such as obesity, excessive hair growth on the face and body, fatigue, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure.
• Addison Disease is a disease where the adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and gastrointestinal problems.
• Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that originates from the adrenal glands or tissues similar to the adrenal gland. It typically leads to excessive production of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which can cause symptoms such as high blood pressure, palpitations, and anxiety.
• Adrenal Gland Cancer is a rare condition; however, adrenal cortical carcinoma, a type of cancer originating from the adrenal glands, is a form of cancer related to these organs. Symptoms are tumor-dependent and are typically noticed in the advanced stages of cancer.
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disease, that affects the ability of the adrenal glands to produce hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone. This condition can be evident from birth and may lead to issues such as salt imbalances, significant changes in sexual characteristics, and low blood pressure.

• Cortisol-Producing Adenomas: These adenomas can produce an excess of cortisol hormone, leading to Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome can cause symptoms such as obesity, excessive hair growth on the face and body, fatigue, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure.
• Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas: These types of adenomas can produce an excess of aldosterone hormone, leading to hypertension (high blood pressure). Hypertension poses a risk to heart health.
• Androgen-Producing Adenomas: These rare adenomas can excessively produce androgens, which can lead to male-pattern hair growth, voice changes, and other changes in sexual characteristics.